[366] Kenyan corruption and Kenyatta's role in it was better known in Britain, although many of his British friendsincluding McDonald and Brockwaychose to believe Kenyatta was not personally involved. [570], "Kenyatta" redirects here. Omissions? [238] There, he was joined by his wife Ngina. [324] Seeking the support of Kenya's second largest ethnic group, the Luo, Kenyatta appointed the Luo Oginga Odinga as his vice president. He was one of the earliest of the Kikuyu to leave the confines of his own culture. [342], In contrast to his economic policies, Kenyatta publicly claimed he would create a democratic socialist state with an equitable distribution of economic and social development. [86], "With the support of all revolutionary workers and peasants we must redouble our efforts to break the bonds that bind us. "[486] He welcomed white support for his cause, so long as it was generous and unconditional, and spoke of a Kenya in which indigenous Africans, Europeans, Arabs, and Indians could all regard themselves as Kenyans, working and living alongside each other peacefully. [72] There is no evidence that he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union,[100] and one of his fellow students later characterised him as "the biggest reactionary I have ever met. [391] Under Kenyatta, Kenya was largely uninvolved in the affairs of other states, including those in the East African Community. [377] There were also measures to Africanise the civil service, which by mid-1967 had become 91% African. [96] Before the end of the year, the duo relocated to Moscow, where Kenyatta studied at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East. [177] [413], A major focus for Kenyatta during the first three and a half years of Kenya's independence were the divisions within KANU itself. [558] Drawing upon Marxist theory, Jay O'Brien, for instance, argued that Kenyatta had come to power "as a representative of a would-be bourgeoisie", a coalition of "relatively privileged petty bourgeois African elements" who wanted simply to replace the British colonialists and "Asian commercial bourgeoisie" with themselves. "[479] This approach was similar to the Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda's ideology of "African humanism". (Itara is where the groom's family performs the last traditional marriage ceremony before the real wedding.) [550], During much of his life, Kenya's white settlers had regarded Kenyatta as a malcontent and an agitator;[551] for them, he was a figure of hatred and fear. She got married to Jomo Kenyatta, a commoner, when she was only 18 years old. [236], His sentence served, in April 1959 Kenyatta was released from Lokitaung. [241] The Governor of Kenya, Patrick Muir Renison, insisted that it was necessary; in a March 1961 speech, he described Kenyatta an "African leader to darkness and death" and stated that if he were released, violence would erupt. [258] Kenyatta had kept abreast of these developments, although he had refused to back either KANU or KADU,[259] instead insisting on unity between the two parties. [451] He suffered from gout and heart problems, all of which he sought to keep hidden from the public. [447] Over coming years, many other political and intellectual figures considered hostile to Kenyatta's rule were detained or imprisoned, including Seroney, Flomena Chelagat, George Anyona, Martin Shikuku, and Ngg wa Thiong'o. [382] Their report set out the long-term goal of universal free primary education in Kenya but argued that the government's emphasis should be on secondary and higher education to facilitate the training of indigenous African personnel to take over the civil service and other jobs requiring such an education. He was a famous African statesman and nationalist. In August 1914 he was baptized with the name Johnstone Kamau. In 1919, Jomo Kenyatta met and married his first wife Grace Wahu, according to Kikuyu tradition. Kenyatta's son Uhuru later also became president. B. Assensoh later suggested that the authorities "knew very well" that Kenyatta was not involved in the Mau Mau, but that they were nevertheless committed to silencing his calls for independence. [3] One biographer, Jules Archer, suggested he was likely born in 1890,[4] although a fuller analysis by Jeremy Murray-Brown suggested a birth circa 1897 or 1898. The paper was mild in tone, preaching self-improvement, and was tolerated by the government. [44] He had sufficient funds that he could lend money to European clerks in the offices,[45] and could enjoy the lifestyle offered by Nairobi, which included cinemas, football matches, and imported British fashions. In 1925 the EAA disbanded as a result of government pressures, and its members re-formed as the Kikuyu Central Association (KCA). [31] According to Murray-Brown, he "liked being at the centre of life",[505] and was always "a rebel at heart" who enjoyed "earthly pleasures". [208] Many white settlers wanted him exiled, but the government feared this would turn him into a martyr for the anti-colonialist cause. This was his initial contact with Europeans. [75] These communist links concerned many of Kenyatta's liberal patrons. [361] His family used his presidential position to circumvent legal or administrative obstacles to acquiring property. [123], Kenyatta returned to his former dwellings at 95 Cambridge Street,[124] but did not pay his landlady for over a year, owing over 100 in rent. [256] KANU campaigned on the issue of Kenyatta's detainment in the February 1961 election, where it gained a majority of votes. He was a well educated intellectual who authored several books, and is . [6], Kenyatta was raised according to traditional Kikuyu custom and belief, and was taught the skills needed to herd the family flock. [424] The Luo increasingly rallied around the KPU,[425] which experienced localized violence that hindered its ability to campaign, although Kenyatta's government officially disavowed this violence. [385], Another priority for Kenyatta's government was improving access to healthcare services. Kenyatta was a controversial figure. Over the course of his studies, Kenyatta and Malinowski became close friends. [369] Kenyatta's government encouraged the establishment of private land-buying companies that were often headed by prominent politicians. In photos that were later shared online, Jomo is seen standing next to Mr Odinga who appears to be having a swollen lip and a . [408] In June 1967, Kenyatta declared the Chinese Charg d'Affairs persona non grata in Kenya and recalled the Kenyan ambassador from Peking. Founding President has to look good when his family checks on him inside Parliament grounds. Kenyatta died in office and was succeeded by Daniel arap Moi. Throughout the 1920s Jomo Kenyatta immersed himself in the movement against a white-settler-dominated Kenyan government. [56] Also in February, his daughter, Wambui Margaret, was born. [503], "Ever a showman, [Kenyatta] could appear one moment in gaily coloured shirts, decorated with the cock of KANU, and the next in elegant suits from Savile Row, seldom without a rose in his buttonhole; he could be photographed in leopard-skin hat and cloak waving a silver fly-whisk or in old slacks on his farm tending his shrubs; he was equally at home in academic robes at a university function and in sandals and shorts on the beach at Mombasa. [399] Commentators argued that Britain's relationship with Kenyatta's Kenya was a neo-colonial one, with the British having exchanged their position of political power for one of influence. "[541] His opinions were "most valued" both by conservative African politicians and by Western leaders. [195] He called on his supporters to work hard, and to abandon laziness, theft, and crime. - 1950) (her death) (1 child) See also Grace Wahu died in April 2007. [491] Maloba observed that during the colonial period Kenyatta had embraced "radical Pan African activism" which differed sharply from the "deliberate conservative positions, especially on the question of African liberation" that he espoused while Kenya's leader. Handling Dissatisfied Patients I have not been in any situation where a patient or family of a patient was unhappy with my care. [522], "I do not think I amand have never beenan enemy of Europeans or the white people, because I have spent many years in England or in Europe, and even today I have many friends in various nations. [410] In the first five years of independence, he consolidated control of the central government,[411] removing the autonomy of Kenya's provinces to prevent the entrenchment of ethnic power bases. [66] In the city, Kenyatta met with W. McGregor Ross at the Royal Empire Society, Ross briefing him on how to deal with the Colonial Office. Beth Mugo has been a nominated senator under the Jubilee Alliance (Ruling Alliance in Kenya) since 2013 and has been known to strongly support her cousin (President Uhuru Kenyatta). [550] Another significant success had been in dismantling the colonial-era system of racial segregation in schools, public facilities, and social clubs peacefully and with minimal disruption. [43], Kenyatta's interest in politics stemmed from his friendship with James Beauttah, a senior figure in the Kikuyu Central Association (KCA). . That is why we reject Communism. He expressed the view that although personally opposing FGM, he regarded its legal abolition as counter-productive, and argued that the churches should focus on eradicating the practice through educating people about its harmful effects on women's health. [229] By 1957, the inmates had formed into two rival cliques, with Kenyatta and Itote on one side and the other KAU membersnow calling themselves the "National Democratic Party"on the other. [180] Kenyatta built a friendship with Koinange's father, a Senior Chief, who gave Kenyatta one of his daughters to take as his third wife. [275] In June 1962, Kenyatta travelled to Mogadishu to discuss the issue with the Somalian authorities, but the two sides could not reach an agreement. [336] Support was given to the preservation of historic and cultural monuments, while street names referencing colonial figures were renamed and symbols of colonialismlike the statue of British settler Hugh Cholmondeley, 3rd Baron Delamere in Nairobi city centrewere removed. [14] The missionaries were zealous Christians who believed that bringing Christianity to the indigenous peoples of Eastern Africa was part of Britain's civilizing mission. Early Career Overseas In May 1928 Kenyatta launched a monthly Kikuyu-language newspaper called Mwigithania (He Who Brings Together), aimed at gaining support from all sections of the Kikuyu. During the 1930s, he studied at Moscow's Communist University of the Toilers of the East, University College London, and the London School of Economics. [130] Appearing in the film also allowed him to meet and befriend its star, the African-American Paul Robeson. [264] In August, he was moved to Gatundu in Kikuyuland, where he was greeted by a crowd of 10,000. [187] He was nevertheless aware that to achieve independence, KAU needed the support of other indigenous tribes and ethnic groups. [10] Kenyatta then took the name of Kamau wa Ngengi ("Kamau, son of Ngengi"). [284] At Kenyatta's prompting, KANU conceded to some of KADU's demands; he was aware that he could amend the constitution when in office. [237] The administration then placed a restricting order on Kenyatta, forcing him to reside in the remote area of Lodwar, where he had to report to the district commissioner twice a day. [29] Kenyatta did not join the armed forces, and like other Kikuyu he moved to live among the Maasai, who had refused to fight for the British. [89] In Britain, he spent the summer attending an Independent Labour Party summer school and Fabian Society gatherings. All people should search for Mau Mau and kill it. [144], The book's jacket cover featured an image of Kenyatta in traditional dress, wearing a skin cloak over one shoulder and carrying a spear. [344] Relations with the Soviet Union were also strained; Kenyatta shut down the Lumumba Institutean educational organisation named after the Congolese independence leader Patrice Lumumbaon the basis that it was a front for Soviet influence in Kenya. [239] In October 1961 she bore him another son, Uhuru, and later on another daughter, Nyokabi, and a further son, Muhoho. Wen gl . [46] Many indigenous Africans resented having to carry kipande identity certificates at all times, being forbidden from growing coffee, and paying taxes without political representation. [32], In 1917, Kenyatta moved to Narok, where he was involved in transporting livestock to Nairobi,[31] before relocating to Nairobi to work in a store selling farming and engineering equipment. [445] With the organised opposition eliminated, from 1969, Kenya was once again a de facto one-party state. [279] He was sufficiently successful that several prominent white Kenyans backed KANU in the subsequent election. [194] As KAU leader, he was at pains to oppose all illegal activity, including workers' strikes. Keywords Decolonisation land Majimboism centralisation settlement schemes Type Chapter Information [299], Kenya's first cabinet included not only Kikuyu but also members of the Luo, Kamba, Kisii, and Maragoli tribal groups. Alternate titles: Johnstone Kamau, Kamau, son of Ngengi. But his reign faced dark shadows when three prominent pol. [261] In April 1961, the government flew Kenyatta to Maralal, where he maintained his innocence of the charges but told reporters that he bore no grudges. They are remembered both for making the dream of African independence a reality and for their invention of postcolonial authoritarianism. [488] He wrestled with a contradiction between his conservative desire for a renewal of traditional custom and his reformist urges to embrace Western modernity. Includes immediate family members, current & previous spouses, stepparents, and current & previous in-laws for . [301] Privately, Kenyatta was more reluctant regarding the arrangement and as 1964 came around the federation had not come to pass. [69] Grigg was in London at the same time and, despite his opposition to Kenyatta's visit, agreed to meet with him at the Rhodes Trust headquarters in April. 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